Gertrude Stein was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, on February 3, 1874, to wealthy German-Jewish immigrants. At the age of three, her family moved first to Vienna and then to Paris. They returned to America in 1878 and settled in Oakland, California. Her mother, Amelia, died of cancer in 1888 and her father, Daniel, died in 1891.

Stein attended Radcliffe College from 1893 to 1897, where she specialized in Psychology under noted psychologist William James. After leaving Radcliffe, she enrolled at the Johns Hopkins University, where she studied medicine for four years, leaving in 1901. Stein did not receive a formal degree from either institution.

In 1903, Stein moved to Paris with Alice B. Toklas, a younger friend from San Francisco who would remain her partner and secretary throughout her life. The couple did not return to the United States for over thirty years. During World War I, they volunteered together, driving supplies to hospitals in France.

Together with Toklas and her brother Leo, an art critic and painter, Stein took an apartment on the Left Bank. Their home, 27 rue de Fleurus, soon became gathering spot for many young artists and writers including Henri Matisse, Ezra Pound, Pablo Picasso, Max Jacob, and Guillaume Apollinaire.

She was a passionate advocate for the "new" in art, her literary friendships grew to include writers as diverse as William Carlos Williams, Djuana Barnes, F. Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway. It was to Hemingway that Stein coined the phrase "the lost generation" to describe the expatriate writers living abroad between the wars.

By 1913, Stein's support of cubist painters and her increasingly avant-garde writing caused a split with her brother Leo, who moved to Florence. Her first book, Three Lives, was published in 1909. She followed it with Tender Buttons (Claire Marie) in 1914.Tender Buttons clearly showed the profound effect modern painting had on her writing. In these small prose poems, images and phrases come together in often surprising ways—similar in manner to cubist painting. Her writing, characterized by its use of words for their associations and sounds rather than their meanings, received considerable interest from other artists and writers, but did not find a wide audience.

Among Stein's most influential works are The Making of Americans (1925); How to Write (1931); The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933), which was a best-seller; and Stanzas in Meditation and Other Poems [1929-1933] (1956). Sherwood Anderson in the introduction to Geography and Plays (1922) wrote that her writing "consists in a rebuilding, and entire new recasting of life, in the city of words."

Stein died at the American Hospital at Neuilly on July 27, 1946, of inoperable cancer.

Academy of American Poets   Poets.org

Photo credit: Carl Van Vechten

The first issue of Vice Versa was published in June 1947. At just fourteen pages in length, the lesbian magazine was the first of its kind in the United States. It was published by Lisa Ben, a young lesbian and recent arrival to Los Angeles from Northern California. Ben was able to create the magazine thanks to her job as a secretary at RKO Studios, where her boss instructed her to “look busy” even when she had no work to do (Faderman 106). Ben capitalized on that opportunity to found Vice Versa, which she typed by hand, edited, and wrote nearly all of the content for across the magazine’s nine-issue run.

Lisa Ben was born Edythe Eyde in Northern California in 1921. She chose her pen name, Lisa Ben, as an anagram of “lesbian.” From June 1947 to February 1948, Ben produced nine issues of Vice Versa, with just ten copies of each issue. The magazine was released monthly and . In issue one, Eyde articulated her goals for Vice Versa, describing it as, “a magazine dedicated, in all seriousness, to those of us who will never quite be able to adapt ourselves to the iron-bound rules of Convention” (Issue 1, 1). She was aware of the magazine’s singularity as a lesbian publication and offered a bold vision for her work, even as she acknowledged its precarious position in a society hostile to lesbians.

There was a very real threat of arrest for anyone caught distributing queer materials, including magazines like Vice Versa. Anonymity and pen names like “Lisa Ben” were one common way of allaying these fears within early queer publishing. The role of anonymity was something Ben was negotiating in the first few issues of Vice Versa. In Issue 2, Ben’s response to a reader’s letter stated that the magazine will keep their contributors anonymous if they desire that, but that it is not the policy to require anonymity. Just one issue later, however, Ben changed her position in a response to a reader who indicated their desire to print their name along with their letter. Ben wrote, “in a recent conversation with friends as to the advisability of identifying literary contributors to VICE VERSA, I was counseled that it would be wiser not to do so at present” (Issue 3, 17).

In all of the issues of Vice Versa, Lisa Ben herself is never identified by name, pen or otherwise. A few other contributors are credited by name later in the run of the magazine, including R. Jamamigo and Laurajean Ermayne (the pen-name for Forrest J Ackerman, a sci fi publisher), but Ben is quick to assure readers that these are not their real names. “Authors’ true names are never used, in case this might be a deterrent factor in your sending in material,” she writes in one of her recurrent pleas to readers to submit more writing for the magazine (Issue 8, 16). The need for secrecy was a significant concern for Ben, for the protection of herself and all of the other writers who contributed to the magazine.

Vice Versa faced similar concerns on the distribution side. Ben stopped distributing copies through the mail early in its run, concerned about the potential dangers of being caught sending a lesbian publication in the mail. Coupled with its incredibly small print run—working alone, Ben was only able to produce ten copies of each issue—the magazine relied on in-person distribution and word of mouth to reach its readers. Ben would pass out the magazine at Los Angeles lesbian bars like the If Club (link), as well as distributing it to friends who would pass it along to other lesbians. She asked in Issue 2 that her readers keep the magazine “just between us girls,” imploring them to help protect the secrecy and therefore the longevity of the magazine. Given these methods, it is difficult to guess how many readers the magazine actually reached. Its success was entirely reliant on the emerging lesbian community at the time, as it was quietly distributed through underground personal connections.

Another difficulty that faced Vice Versa was getting content for each issue. Each magazine ranged from just eight to nineteen pages in length, nearly all of it written by Ben herself. She was successful in soliciting a few submissions from readers, including stories, book reviews, poems, and letters to the editor, but portrayed this effort as a constant struggle. The majority of the issues features pleas for more submissions and laments about the difficulty of doing all of this work herself. In Issue 1, she announced that “This is your magazine,” and implored readers to submit pieces or write her with their opinions of the magazine (Issue 1, 1). Much of the solicitation of articles had to be done in person, as Ben reflected in an anecdote at the beginning of Issue 4. A group of three lesbians arrived at Ben’s home late one night, after reading Vice Versa and being directed to Ben by a friend of hers. Ben recounted asking these women to submit pieces and one did follow through, though Ben again lamented that just one submitted instead of all three.

The content that did appear in Vice Versa offers a fascinating glimpse into the concerns and interests of lesbians in the late 1940s. Despite most of the writing coming from Lisa Ben, it spans a wide range of topics and styles of writing. Ben has a sharp sense of humor and a tongue-in-cheek style to much of her writing. Her review of books, theatre, and movies are one clear place where this tone comes through. In Issue 2, Ben provides a list of several books that deal with lesbian subjects, offering brief reviews of each in parentheticals beside their titles; one reads “Excellent,” another “Fair,” and another “hostile propaganda.” We Too Are Drifting gets “Drifting…but not far enough!” and she ends the list with a single word on Trio: “boring” (Issue 2, 11).

Additional interesting commentary on lesbian life of that era comes in the “Whatchama-Column,” a recurring section that featured letters to the editors and Ben’s responses. Ben and her readers discussed the variety of terms that were popular at the time for lesbians, playfully suggesting new terms or commentating on existing ones. In Issue 6, one reader asked, “Has it ever occurred to you, my sisters, that the names by which we call ourselves lack dignity?” and went on to suggest that instead of “butch,” they begin referring to the “tom-boy type” as a “clyffe,” drawing from the name of Radclyffe Hall, author of the much-celebrated lesbian book Well of Loneliness (Issue 6, 9). Ben’s response dug into the role of casual slang in lesbian community and pointed to her own use of terms like “tyke,” a replacement for the “term of questionable taste,” dyke (Issue 6, 11). The magazine reflects the variety of issues that were being negotiated within lesbian communities in this era and place.

Vice Versa ended after just nine issues. In 1948, Ben lost her job and her opportunity to produce the magazine when RKO was bought by Howard Hughes. The last issue, published in February 1948, did not reflect any awareness that it would be the final issue. She ends the issue by responding to a letter to the editor, expressing her hope that the writer would send in more work to be featured in future issues of the magazine. Despite its early and sudden end, however, Vice Versa represented a defining moment in the history of queer publications in the United States. As the first lesbian publication, it set a tone for queer publications to follow, providing an example of various methods of producing content for lesbian and gay audiences as well as methods of distribution. Ben would go on to work on other publications like the lesbian magazine The Ladder in the 1950s. Vice Versa stands as a ground-breaking moment in queer publishing, a magazine suffused with insights into the lives of lesbians in Los Angeles of the 1940s.

 

References: 

The Ladder

Clothespin Fever Press

Vice Versa

Citations: 

Box 2, Folder 6, Lisa Ben Papers, Coll2015-019, ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, USC Libraries, University of Southern California

Faderman, Lillian. Gay L.A: a History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians. New York: Basic Books, 2006.

Pauli Murray (1910-1985) was a civil rights activist, a pioneering feminist, a labor organizer, a lawyer, an Episcopal priest, and a writer of nonfiction, memoir, and poetry. Born Anna Pauline Murray in Baltimore, she was raised by aunts and maternal grandparents. Her grandmother was born into slavery, the product of rape between her enslaved mother and her owner. Murray’s mother died when Murray was just three years old; her father, committed to an asylum “for the Negro insane” for his symptoms of long-term typhoid fever, also died during Murray’s childhood, beaten to death by a guard.

Murray earned a BA from Hunter College and a JD from Howard Law School. The only woman in her class, she was valedictorian and awarded a prestigious Rosenwald fellowship for postgraduate study–only to be denied admission to her first choice, Harvard University, because of her gender. She earned a master’s at the Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, and became the first black woman to earn a PhD in juridical science from Yale Law School. She also earned a master’s in divinity from the General Theological Seminary.

Murray was the author of two autobiographies: Proud Shoes: The Story of an American Family (1956) and Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage (1987), which received a Lillian Smith Book Award and a Robert F. Kennedy Book Award. As a legal scholar, she wrote The Constitution and Government of Ghana (1964), with Leslie Rubin, and States’ Laws on Race and Color (1951), which Thurgood Marshall, then counsel of the NAACP and later a Supreme Court justice, called “the Bible for civil rights lawyers.” She is also the author of a collection of poetry, Dark Testament, originally published in 1970 and reissued in 2018. Murray was a friend of Harlem Renaissance writers, including Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen, and her articles, poems, and a serialized novel, Angel of the Desert, appeared in newspapers and anthologies such as Negro.

Murray was a leader in the fight against racism and sexism and worked as a labor organizer. She was a founding member of the Congress for Racial Equality and the National Organization for Women. She laid the intellectual foundations for the civil rights and feminist movements, articulating arguments for dismantling the “separate but equal” doctrine that permitted racial segregation and for extending the Equal Protection clause to women, and she mounted legal challenges to discriminatory laws. She taught at the Ghana School of Law and Brandeis College, becoming the first person to teach African American and women’s studies courses there. In her ’60s, Murray was the first woman ordained as an Episcopal priest. She served as a priest for eight years.

Murray was gender nonconforming, describing herself as “a girl who should have been a boy” and trying without success to obtain hormone therapy. Though she didn’t like to characterize herself as a lesbian, she nevertheless had serious relationships with women, including a decades-long partnership with a woman named Irene Barlow.

Murray died on July 1, 1985, of pancreatic cancer. Since her death, she has been named a saint by the Episcopal Church. Yale University announced her name would grace a new residential college, and her childhood home in North Carolina was named a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Reprinted from https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/pauli-murray

 

 

Billie Jean King  (1943-)
https://www.billiejeanking.com/?fbclid=IwAR0N1sYVaFI_xZ76BhSrScyVt9amRx2n_84-MNZkkC2mX7lvgAMVCLl0Rm4

One of the greatest tennis players of all time and a Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient for her advocacy for women in sports and LGBTQ rights, Billie Jean King won 39 Grand Slam titles in her tennis career and led the fight for equal pay in tennis. Known for beating Bobby Riggs in 1973’s “Battle of the Sexes,” King also helped establish the Women’s Tennis Association, the organization that oversees women’s professional tennis.

Billie Jean King was born Billie Jean Moffitt on November 22, 1943 in Long Beach, California. Her father, Bill, was a fire fighter and her mother, Betty, was a homemaker. An athlete from a young age, King played basketball and softball as a child. Her younger brother, Randy, went on to pitch in Major League Baseball. King began playing tennis at the age of 11 and immediately fell in love with the sport. She played on public tennis courts and bought her racquet with money she earned from odd jobs. She soon told her mother, “I am going to be No. 1 in the world.”

In 1958, King won her age bracket in the Southern California championship. She first garnered international attention in 1961, when she and Karen Hantze Susman became the youngest pair to win the Wimbledon doubles title. King attended California State University, Los Angeles from 1961-1964 and competed in tennis tournaments while also working as a tennis instructor. In 1965, she married law student Larry King.

King won her first major singles title at Wimbledon in 1966, a feat she repeated in 1967 and 1968. In 1966, she achieved her childhood dream when she became the #1-ranked women’s tennis player in the world. She claimed that title five more times in her career: 1967, 1968, 1971, 1972, and 1974. Between 1961-1979, playing both singles and doubles, King won Wimbledon a record 20 times and claimed 13 U.S. titles, four French titles, and two Australian titles. In 1972, she won the U.S. Open, the French Open, and Wimbledon – three Grand Slam victories in one year. King was named Sports Illustrated’s 1972 Sportsperson of the Year, the first woman and first tennis player ever to earn the title.

King was at the top of the women’s tennis game, but the prize money for women’s tennis was a fraction of that for men’s tennis at the time. King became a vocal advocate for equal prize money. In 1970, she was one of nine players who broke away from the tennis establishment in protest. Soon, they organized their own tour, the Virginia Slims Circuit (sharing the sponsor cigarette’s slogan “You’ve Come A Long Way, Baby”). In 1971, King became the first female athlete to earn over $100,000 in a single season. Still, when she won the U.S. Open in 1972, King received $15,000 less than the male champion. She declared that if the prize money was not equal the following year, she wouldn’t play. King persuaded her fellow players to form a union, the Women’s Tennis Association, and served as its first president in 1973. That same year, the U.S. Open became the first major tournament to offer equal prizes to the male and female players.

In 1973, King’s campaign for gender equality in sports received global attention when she took part in the “Battle of the Sexes” tennis match against Bobby Riggs, a former professional tennis player and self-proclaimed male chauvinist. Riggs was determined to prove that women’s tennis was inferior to men’s tennis. Amid the match’s circus-like atmosphere, King defeated Riggs in straight sets while over 90 million people watched across the world.

 In 1974, King and her husband established the Women’s Sports Foundation, an organization that helps provide access to sports for girls. They also founded World TeamTennis (WTT), the first mixed-gender professional sports league. With WTT, King became the first woman to coach a co-ed professional team and, in 1984, the first female commissioner of a professional sports league.

In the early 1970s, King began a secret romantic relationship with another woman. She feared coming out because of her parents’ homophobia and potential harm the news could cause the women’s tennis tour. King was publicly outed as a lesbian in 1981 and immediately lost all her endorsement deals. After the news broke, her representatives urged her not to confirm it, but King refused to deny her lesbianism. She and her husband divorced in 1987, but remained friendly. King then began a relationship with her current partner, Illana Kloss, a fellow professional tennis player.

King retired from competition in 1983, but her career in tennis continued. King coached the U.S. Fed Cup team from 1995-1996 and 1998-2003, bringing home victories in 1999 and 2000. (The Fed Cup was renamed the Billie Jean King Cup in 2020.) She also coached the 1996 and 2000 U.S. women’s Olympic tennis teams that both won gold medals. King has served as a tennis commentator for several major TV networks as well.  

In 1990, Life magazine named King one of the “100 Most Important Americans” of the twentieth century. Of the four athletes on the list, she was the only woman. King established the Billie Jean King WTT Charities Foundation in 1998 and has also served as a director of the Elton John AIDS Foundation and the National AIDS Fund.

King has continued to garner recognition for her social justice work. The USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing, NY, where the U.S. Open is played, was named in her honor in 2006. In 2009, President Barack Obama presented King with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor, for championing the rights of women and the LGBTQ community. King was the first female athlete to receive the award. King and Kloss founded the Billie Jean King Leadership Initiative in 2014, a non-profit organization that seeks to rid workplaces of discrimination based on race, gender, and sexuality.

King’s legacy of achievement and advocacy continues to inspire female and LGBTQ athletes around the world. In 2019, ESPN established the Billie Jean King Youth Leadership Award to recognize young athletes who use sports to improve their communities.

Published June 2021.

MLA – Brandman, Mariana. “Billie Jean King.” National Women’s History Museum, 2021. Date accessed.

Chicago – Brandman, Mariana. “Billie Jean King.” National Women’s History Museum. 2021. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/billie-jean-king

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Alice Babette Toklas (April 30, 1877 – March 7, 1967) was an American-born member of the Parisian avant-garde of the early 20th century, and the life partner of American writer Gertrude Stein.

Alice B. Toklas was born in San Francisco into a middle-class Polish Jewish family. Her paternal grandfather was a rabbi,^[2] whose son Feivel (usually known as Ferdinand) Toklas moved to San Francisco in 1863. In 1876, Ferdinand Toklas married Emma (Emelia) Levinsky and they had two children: Alice and her brother Clarence Ferdinand (1887–1924).

In 1890, the Toklas family moved to Seattle, where her father was one half of Toklas, Singerman and Company, the city's leading dry goods store.

Toklas was educated in local schools, which included the Mount Rainier Seminary, and attended the University of Washington where she studied piano.

When her mother became ill, the family moved back to San Francisco. Her mother died in 1897, aged 41.

Five months after the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Toklas left the city and moved to Paris. On September 8, 1907, the day after she arrived in Paris, she met Gertrude Stein. This marked the beginning of a relationship which lasted for nearly four decades, ending in 1946 with Stein's death.

Together they hosted a salon in the home they shared at 27 rue de Fleurus that attracted expatriate American writers, such as Ernest Hemingway, Paul Bowles, Thornton Wilder, and Sherwood Anderson; and avant-garde painters, including Picasso, Matisse, and Braque.

Acting as Stein's confidante, lover, cook, secretary, muse, editor, critic, and general organizer, Toklas remained a background figure, chiefly living in the shadow of Stein, until the publication by Stein of Toklas' "memoirs" in 1933 under the teasing title The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. It became Stein's best-selling book.^[3]

1. G. Rogers wrote in his memoir of the couple, published in 1946, that Toklas "was a little stooped, somewhat retiring and self-effacing. She doesn't sit in a chair, she hides in it; she doesn't look at you, but up at you; she is always standing just half a step outside the circle. She gives the appearance, in short, not of a drudge, but of a poor relation, someone invited to the wedding but not to the wedding feast."^[4]James Merrillwrote that before meeting Toklas "one knew about the tiny stature, the sandals, the mustache, the eyes," but he had not anticipated "the enchantment of her speaking voice—like a viola at dusk."^[5]

Toklas and Stein remained a couple until Stein's death in 1946.^[6]

Although Gertrude Stein willed much of her estate to Toklas, including their shared art collection (some of it Picassos) housed in their apartment at 5, rue Christine, the couple's relationship had no legal recognition. As many of the paintings appreciated greatly in value, Stein's relatives took action to claim them, eventually removing them from Toklas's residence and placing them in a bank vault while she was away on vacation. Toklas then relied on contributions from friends as well as her writing to make a living.^[7]

In 1954, Toklas published The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook, a book that mixes reminiscences and recipes. The most famous recipe, contributed by her friend Brion Gysin, is for "Haschich Fudge", a mixture of fruit, nuts, spices, and "canibus sativa" [sic] or marijuana. The "Haschich Fudge" recipe appeared in the British edition of the book, but it was left out of the first United States edition published by Harpers. It was included in the second American edition and became popular within the 1960s counterculture movement. The recipe and Alice were referenced in the 1968 film, I Love You, Alice B. Toklas, starring Peter Sellers.^[8] The cookbook has been translated into numerous languages.

A second cookbook followed in 1958, Aromas and Flavors of Past and Present. However, Toklas did not approve of it, as it was heavily annotated by Poppy Cannon, an editor at House Beautiful magazine. Toklas also wrote articles for several magazines and newspapers, including The New Republic and The New York Times.^{[citation needed]}

In 1963, Toklas published her autobiography What Is Remembered, which ends abruptly with the death of Stein.^{[citation needed]}

Toklas's later years were very difficult because of poor health and financial problems. She converted to the Catholic Church in 1957.^[9][10] She died in poverty at the age of 89, and is buried next to Stein in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France;^[11] her name is engraved on the back of Stein's headstone.^[12]

Legacy

I Love You, Alice B. Toklas, a 1968 film starring Peter Sellers, that references Toklas's cannabis brownies, which play a significant role in the plot.^[8]

The Alice B. Toklas LGBT Democratic Club is a political organization founded in San Francisco in 1971.

Samuel Steward, who met Toklas and Stein in the 1930s, edited Dear Sammy: Letters from Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas (1977), and also wrote two mystery novels featuring Stein and Toklas as characters: Murder Is Murder Is Murder (1985) and The Caravaggio Shawl (1989).

The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted in 1998 to rename a block of Myrtle Street between Polk Street and Van Ness Avenue in San Francisco as Alice B. Toklas Place, since Toklas was born one block away on O'Farrell Street.^[13][14]

Toklas has been portrayed on-screen by Wilfrid Brambell in the 1978 Swedish film The Adventures of Picasso, by Linda Hunt in the 1987 film Waiting for the Moon;^[15] by Alice Dvoráková in the 1993 television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles;^[16] and by Thérèse Bourou-Rubinsztein in the 2011 film Midnight in Paris.^[17]

ReferenceS

1. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 44876-44877). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition
2. ^Malcolm, Janet. "Strangers in Paradise: How Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas got to Heaven". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
3. ^Souhami, Diana – Gertrude and Alice: Gertrude Stein and Alice B.Toklas, London: Pandora, 1991. ISBN 978-0044408338
4. ^Rogers, W. G. When This You See Remember Me: GERTRUDE STEIN in Person, New York: Rinehart & Co., 1946.
5. ^Merrill, James (1993). A Different Person: A Memoir. New York: Alfred P. Knopf. p. 75.
6. ^"Alice B. Toklas Life Stories, Books, & Links". Todayinliterature.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
7. ^Wagner-Martin, Linda – Favored Strangers: Gertrude Stein and Her Family, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995, p. 269.
8. ^ Jump up to:^ab Eplett, Layla. "Go Ask Alice: The History of Toklas' Legendary Hashish Fudge". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
9. ^Haaretz
10. ^Chicago Tribune
11. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 44876-44877). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
12. ^Linzie, Anna (2006), The True Story of Alice B. Toklas: A Study of Three Autobiographies, University of Iowa Press, ISBN 978-0-87745-985-9
13. ^Herscher, Elaine (1998-07-01), "Paving the Way for Gays: S.F. may name street for lesbian Alice B. Toklas", San Francisco Chronicle, retrieved 2009-11-08
14. ^"Board of Supervisors : September 22, 1998". City and County of San Francisco. 1998-09-22. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
15. ^"""American Playhouse" Waiting for the Moon (TV Episode 1987) – IMDb".
16. ^""The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles" Paris, September 1908 (TV Episode 1993) – IMDb".
17. ^"Midnight in Paris (2011) – IMDb".\

Photo by Carl Van Vechten, 1949